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Science: 2011 Breakthrough of the Year
The journal Science has named an AIDS study as its 2011 Breakthrough of the Year. The clinical trial found that antiretroviral drugs can be used to dramatically lower the risk of transmitting HIV.
The clinical trial is known as HPTN 052. It proved that giving the drugs to HIV infected people sooner made them 96 percent less likely to transmit the virus to their uninfected partners.
The research team was led by Dr. Myron Cohen. He said while the results were announced in May, preliminary work actually began 20 years ago.
“We had a strong suspicion based on all the biological studies we had done that when we treat people and lower the concentration of HIV in the blood and secretions1, we were rendering2 them less contagious3. But we didn’t understand the magnitude of the benefit,” he said.
Cohen is director of the Institute for Global Health and Infectious Diseases at the University of North Carolina at Chapel4 Hill.
Dr. Myron Cohen, Director, Institute for Global Health and Infectious Diseases at the University of North Carolina. |
“Suppose we had found that as we treat people they’re rendered 50 percent contagious. That’s a lot different than saying we’ve rendered people completely non-contagious. And so, the result, while it takes a long time, has attracted so much attention because it inspires the aspiration5 to aggressively prevent transmission. It blows a gigantic wind behind the idea that treatment will serve as prevention,” he said.
Follow through
Data from the study has already been put to use on many levels.
“This particular 052 study in the last six months has generated policy changes at the level of the United States and the World Health Organization and UNAIDS. And it’s inspired new community-based clinical trials that are just about to be launched that apply the scientific discovery. So when you do a single study and it receives so much recognition and then seems to inform policy in a dramatic way you think, ok, this was 20 years well spent,” said Cohen.
Those policy changes include treating HIV-infected people when their immune systems are still relatively6 healthy. The study also encouraged President Obama and Secretary of State Hillary Clinton to say an end to HIV/AIDS is possible.
Seize the day
However, Cohen said the study results will be wasted unless they are linked to other aspects of HIV treatment and prevention.
“So the 052 study kind of lends itself to understanding that if we don’t know who’s positive and negative there’s no benefit. If people aren’t linked to care, there’s no benefit. If they aren’t provided drugs, there’s no benefit. If they receive the drugs but don’t take the pills, there’s no benefit. So this cascade7 is now the focus of our attention,” he said.
Cohen is well aware the study results were announced amid a global recession when many donors8 were reducing spending. Nevertheless, he said he remains9 optimistic about the future.
“So, as the world recession goes forward, it would seem insensible to ignore this disease, just as it would be insensible to ignore tuberculosis10. You either pay now or pay later,” he said.
Praise for HPTN 052
Among those who celebrated11 the study results was Mitchell Warren, head of the AIDS advocacy group AVAC.
“Treatment is prevention. And that becomes a fundamentally different conversation because for many years debates have waged whether we should do treatment or prevention. And the results of the HPTN 052 study actually affirm once and for all that treatment is prevention,” he said.
He said the last 12 to 18 months brought other encouraging news as well. This includes successful microbicide studies, proof that antiretroviral drugs can prevent initial HIV infection and advances in vaccine12 research. Warren agrees the end of the HIV/AIDS epidemic13 is within reach.
“We know it’s possible, now we just need to do it,” he said.
The HPTN 052 study was sponsored by the National Institute of Allergy14 and Infectious Diseases. Director Dr. Anthony Fauci says the recognition by the journal Science is a credit to researchers and the more than 3,000 study participants.
1 secretions | |
n.分泌(物)( secretion的名词复数 ) | |
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2 rendering | |
n.表现,描写 | |
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3 contagious | |
adj.传染性的,有感染力的 | |
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4 chapel | |
n.小教堂,殡仪馆 | |
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5 aspiration | |
n.志向,志趣抱负;渴望;(语)送气音;吸出 | |
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6 relatively | |
adv.比较...地,相对地 | |
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7 cascade | |
n.小瀑布,喷流;层叠;vi.成瀑布落下 | |
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8 donors | |
n.捐赠者( donor的名词复数 );献血者;捐血者;器官捐献者 | |
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9 remains | |
n.剩余物,残留物;遗体,遗迹 | |
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10 tuberculosis | |
n.结核病,肺结核 | |
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11 celebrated | |
adj.有名的,声誉卓著的 | |
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12 vaccine | |
n.牛痘苗,疫苗;adj.牛痘的,疫苗的 | |
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13 epidemic | |
n.流行病;盛行;adj.流行性的,流传极广的 | |
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14 allergy | |
n.(因食物、药物等而引起的)过敏症 | |
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