财务比率术语(英文详解)

　　Assets: Sales: Total Assets divided by Net Sales, indicating whether a company is handling too high a volume of sales in relation to investment. Very low percentages relative to industry norms might indicate overly conservative sales efforts or poor sales management.

　　Current Liabilities: Inventory⁴: Current Liabilities divided by Inventory: A high ratio, relative to industry norms, suggests over-reliance on unsold goods to finance operations.

　　Current Liabilities: Net Worth: Current Liabilities divided by Net Worth, reflecting a level of security for creditors⁵. The larger the ratio relative to industry norms, the less security there is for creditors.

　　Current Ratio: Current Assets divided by Current Liabilities, measuring current assets available to cover current liabilities, a test of near-term solvency⁶. The ratio indicates to what extent cash on hand and disposable assets are enough to pay off near term liabilities.

　　Fixed⁷ Assets: Net Worth: Fixed Assets divided by Net Worth. High ratios relative to the industry can indicate low working capital or high levels of debt.

　　Gross Profit: Sales: Pre-tax profits divided by Annual Sales. This is the profit ratio before product and sales costs, as well as taxes. This ratio can indicate the "play" in other expenses which could be adjusted to increase the Net Profit margin⁸.

　　Net Profit: Sales: After tax profits divided by Annual Sales. This is the key profit ratio, indicating how much is put in the company's pocket for each $100 of sales.

　　Quick Ratio: Cash plus Accounts Receivable, divided by Current Liabilities, indicating liquid assets available to cover current debt. Also known as the Acid Ratio. This is a harsher version of the Current Ratio, which balances short-term liabilities against cash and liquid instruments.

　　Return on Assets: Net After Tax Profit divided by Total Assets, a critical indicator⁹ of profitability. Companies which use their assets efficiently¹⁰ will tend to show a ratio higher than the industry norm.

　　Return on Net Worth: Net After Tax Profit divided by Net Worth, this is the 'final measure' of profitability to evaluate overall return. This ratio measures return relative to investment in the company. Put another way, Return on Net Worth indicates how well a company leverages¹¹ the investment in it.

　　Return on Sales: Net After Tax Profit divided by Annual Net Sales, indicating the level of profit from each dollar of sales. This ratio can be used as a predictor of the company's ability to withstand changes in prices or market conditions.

　　Sales: Inventory: Annual Net Sales divided by Inventory value. This gives a picture of how quickly inventory turns over. Ratios below the industry norm suggest high levels of inventory. High ratios could indicate product levels insufficient¹² to satisfy demand in a timely manner.

　　Sales: Net Working Capital: Sales divided by Net Working Capital (current assets minus current liabilities). Ratios higher than industry norms may indicate a strain on available liquid assets, while low ratios may suggest too much liquidity¹³.

　　Total Liabilities: Net Worth: Total liabilities divided by Net Worth. This ratio helps to clarify the impact of long-term debt, which can be seen by comparing this ratio with Current Liabilities: Net Worth. Creditors are concerned to the extent that total liability levels exceed Net Worth. The impact of long-term debt

　　Turnover¹⁴ Ratios (7): Sales divided by various line items (cash, accounts receivable, accounts payable, inventory, current assets, total assets, fixed assets). These turnover rations³ measure operating characteristics of firms. Higher is better for Asset line items. Lower is better for Accounts Payable Turnover. Turnover ratios create a series of operating efficiency indicators¹⁵ relative to sales.

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