Does Fashion Contribute Anything to Society?

（单词翻译）

Lesson 24

                Does Fashion Contribute Anything to Society?

                                        Text

                   Make np, Dress up, Warm up, Brighten'up

    When 43-year-old Wang I.ongzhu stepped out of a beauty parlour in Nanjing, capital of Jiangsu Province in East China, she felt all the people around were staring at her with admiration¹.
    She said, "Years ago, it would be unusual for a middleaged woman like me to make up because Chinese women who have married and raised children usually do not care much about their appearance.
    "When I came home and looked in the mirror, I found myself younger and I felt relaxed and confident," she added.

    Wang, an official of a pharmaceutical³ factory in Nanjing, believes a good appearance may leave people with a better impression in social contacts. She goes to the Nanjing Dongfang beauty parlour centre to have face massotherapy once a week.
    Founded three months ago, the centre has helped more than 100 middie-aged² and older people to improve their appearance.
    Zhang Yahui, director of the centre, said,  "Everyone gets old. But we can keep our youthful appearance longer through daily care."
    Middle-aged⁴ and older people in China are now breaking with the conventional idea and paying more attention to keeping fit and caring about their appearance.

    According to a shop assistant of the Taiping Department Store, who looks after a counter selling clothes specially⁵ for rniddle-aged and older people, more and more of her senior customers like to buy fashionable and bright-coloured clothes. The dark and grey uniforms which used to be popular among old people are now unsellable.
    He Minsheng, director of a city committee looking after affairs concerning the aged, said that when people are getting old, they often begin to feel useless and lose interest in life. The purpose of the committee is to help them overcome these iroubles.

    He said the city has set up more than 400 recreational and sports organizations to promote various activities for older people.
    Early in the morning, old people can be found performing disco, qigong(a system of deep breathing exercises) and other exercises in gardens and parks.
    However, not all middle-aged and older people in China openly express their views about their wish to remain in good physical condition.
    A reporter from a local weekly aimed at senior citizens complained that about 1, 000 people signed for a recent healthcare exercise training course, but few of them are willing to be interviewed. The reporter said, "Maybe these people are still afraid of being laughed at.

II. Read
    Read the following passages. Underline the important viewpoints while reading.

          1. "New Fashions in Clothing Are Created Solely⁶ for the
                      Commercial Exploitation of Women

    Whenever you see an old film, even one made as little as ten years ago, you cannot help being struck by the appearance of the women taking part. Their hair- styles and make-up look dated: their skirts look either too long or too short: their general appearance is, in fact, slightly ludicrous. The men taking part in the film, on the other hand, are clearly recognizable. There is nothing about their appearance to suggest that they belong to an entirely⁷ different age.

    This illusion is created by changing fashions. Over the years, the great majority of men have successfully resisted all attempts to make them change their style of dress. The same cannot be said for women. Each year a few so-ca lled "top designers" in Paris or London lay down the law and women the whole world over rush to obey. The decrees of the designers are unpredictable and dictatorial⁸. This year, they decide in their arbitrary fashion, skirts will be short and waists will be high; zips are in and buttons are out . Next year the law is reversed and far from taking exception, no one is even mildly surprised.

    If women are mercilessly exploited year after year, they have only themselves to blame. Because they shudder⁹ at the thought of being seen in public in clothes that are out of fashion, they are annually¹⁰ blackmailed¹¹ by the designers and the big stores. Clothes which have been worn only a few times have to be discarded because of the dictates¹² of fashion. When you come to think of it, only a woman is capable of standing¹³ in front of a wardrobe packed full of clothes and announcing sadly that she has nothing to wear.

    Changing fashions are nothing more than the deliberate creation of waste. Many women squander¹⁴ vast sums of money each year to replace clothes that have hardly been worn. Women who cannot afford to discard clothing in this way, waste hours of their time altering the dresses they have. Hem-lines are taken up or let down; waist-lines are taken in or let out; neck-lines are lowered or raised, and so on.

    No one can claim that the fashion industry contributes anything really important to society. Fashion designers are rarely concerned with vital things like warmth, comfort and durability¹⁵. They are only interested in outward appearance and they take advantage of the fact that women will put up with any amount of discomfort¹⁶, providing they look right. There can hardIy be a man who hasn,t at some time in his life smiled at the sight of a woman shivering in a flimsy dress on a wintry day, or delicately picking her way through deep snow in dainty shoes.

    When comparing men and women in the matter of fashion, the conclusions to be drawn¹⁷ are obvious. Do the constantly changing fashions of women's clothes, one wonders, reflect basic qualities of fickleness¹⁸ and instability? Men are too sensible to let themselves be bullied¹⁹ by fashion clesigners. Do their unchanging styles of dress reflect basic qualities of stability and reliability²⁰? That is for you to decide.

                2. For Fashion-mad Youth Money Is No Object

    Young women in Beijing are showing a new look in fashions this year. They are wearing elegant long trouser-like skirts and loose pantalets with a connected top, both made of colourful satin, silk and polyester
    As a popular saying among young people in the capital nowadays goes - "Fashion for women and labels for men."
    Fashion had been lang neglected in Beijing. During the "cultural revolution" (1966-1976), the city was filled with people clad in blue, grey, black and green. Army uniforms were the norm. Green caps, suits and coats were in vogue²¹.
    But no longer. The drab look is no more.

    Wherever there are shops, there are some that sell the latest fashions in garments a,nd shoes. Street pedlars and private clothing store owners have been trying to collect new designs from all over the country and to put them on display in ihe markets as soon as possible.
    Prominent Beijing garment companies such as Blue Sky, Leimeng and Zaocun have been replaced in popularity by Smart Garments Lrd, Wacoal Co. I.td. and De-Carty, all of which are joint²² ventures. Although their clothes are much more expensive than those in ordinary shops, they are selling very well.

    In the bus:tling night market of Xidan, one of the busiest shopping centres in Beijing, a young woman was heard commenting on a dress marked at 319 yuan.
    "It would cost three months of my salary, but it's really beautiful," she said. "It's very difficult for people like me who are living on fixed²³ salaries to find som.ething satisfactory. What we like is extremely expensive, and what we can afford we dislike."
    A young woman shop assistant said she was attracted to a beautiful skirt one day, but gave up buying it because one of her colleagues had one just like it.
    "I want to be different," she said.

    Nike, Adidas and other world-famous sportswear and shoes have become fashionable among young men who are eager to be with the incrowd. A pair of shoes can set them back 160 yuan, more than a month's salary.
    "Young peop(e nowadays spend money like they had a hole in their pocket," said an elderly shop assistant. "They buy whatever they like regardless of the price.
    "I'm not against dressing²⁴ well, but you have to survive."

    On the fourth floor of the Wangfujing Department Store, a young man chose a 398-yuan dress for his girlfriend.
    "Since I run a beauty salon²⁵, I have no problem affording a coat like this," the man said casually²⁶. "Nowadays people like to start new things to distinguish themselves," a sociologist²⁷ commented. "It is a psychological breakthrough. People try to preserve their own value and their personality."

                     3. Hong Devoted²⁸ to Fashion Career

        Fashion designer Hong Xia is a woman. with a mission in life:she hopes to turn Guangzhou into a fashion centre rivalling Paris, Milan, Tokyo, New York and Hong Kong.
        Hong, now a designer at Guangzhou University, staged a solo fashion show in 1986, held fashion lectures and night-schools and published articles on fashion. She then went on to teach at Guangzhou University in 1988 and is now writing a book describing the Guangzhou fashion world.

      Her career in fashion started when she was enrolled²⁹ in the Central Academy of Arts and Designs in Beijing in 1981. Before that, she had been a mechanical worker for eight years after graduating from middle school in 1973 in Guangzhou.
      "Fashion design had just started its rise in popularity at the time I was studying in Beijing," she said. "It was fascinating because it was new."
      She was attracted to the Shenzhen Special Economic Zone two years later when she graduated and went to an area where large-scale construction was underway and the pace of everyday life was quickening.

        One year later, after gaining experience in all aspects of clothes eduction³⁰, she received her first designing assignment: for a batch³¹ of summer clothes.
      "I don't know how to describe my feelings for my first independent designs," she said. "t1 lot of questions came to mind which I never thought of at school: What should I design? What materials should I use? What colours should I choose? What styles will be popular? All this forced me to begin a market survey."
       It came as a bit of a surprise when she saw her summer fashions welumed by customers. For the first time, she blended the needs of the narket with her own designs.

      In Shenzhen, Hong benefited from watching Hong Kong TV and reading the latest fashion magazines from all over the world to keep pace uith international trends. Her big chance came when she joined the nahonal "Adult Spring-Autumn Fashion Designs Competition" sponsored by China Fashions Magazine and Central Television in 1985.
      Hong was one of the five major winners thanks to her unconventional women's fashion designs.

      But the private fashion market in Guangzhou is to date only a duplication and sales centre of new overseas fashions, according to Hong Xia. "It is active in buying and selling the latest styles form Hong Kong, Japan and Taiwan but weak in designing its own styles, ?she said.
      The potential for the sale of fashion goods throughout China has stimulated³² the development of the city's fashion market. Hundreds of stores selling world-brand clothes have sprung up.

      Customers to these stores, she said, are mainly people from art circles,management personnel and young women working in hotels and offices. Prices range from 100 to 4, 000 yuan. People involved in the fashion business in Shanghai, Beijing, Dalian and Qingdao are also frequent customers.
    "Although at present you seldom see styles designed by the city, s own designers, Guangzhou is gradually becoming a Hong Kong-style fashion market with Ihe appearance of these fashion stores," she said.
       An obvious disadvantage for Guangzhou to develop into a fashion centre is the lack of its own fashion designers, and people in the city do not have the dress sense to appreciate fashion designs.

      Realizing this, Hong decided³³ to teach.
      "I thought I should do my best to let more people know something about fashion designing by holding fashion shows, lectures and nightschools," Hong said.
     "That was a turning point in my career," she said. "It paved my way towards success."
       Hong Xia now has 25 students in her class in Guangzhou University for a two-year course. She teaches them not only the fashion theories but tells them about her own experiences as a designer and as a privare businessperson.
     Hong has already seen the achievements of her teaching. In a national Youth Fashion Designs Competition nine of her students were chosen as excellent winners and one of her students received the first award.

      As a fashion designer and a business woman,'Hong Xia has sold her works to fashion businesses in the United States, Japan, Australia and Hong Kong.
     "Now I am looking forward to setting up a private fashion company to design fashions for foreign people staying in Guangzhou," she said."I'm working hard on it."

                  4.Jewellery Shining Once Again in China

       Strolling through nearly every city, you can find jewellery shops and women wearing necklaces, earrings³⁴, rings and bracelets³⁵.
      "Things have changed dramatically," said a middle-aged woman who had just bought a diamond ring at a jewellery exhibition held by a small arts and crafts store in Beijing's Chaoyang District.

       "I'm the kind of woman who loves dressing up more than anything else, " she said. "But to my great regret, during the 'cultural revolution,' when I was a young woman,        I couldn't make myself beautiful. by wearing fashionable clothes and beautiful jewellery. Now I am happy to have a chance to wear jewellery again now that it is becoming popular in China."
       People, both young and old, women and men, have begun showing new interest in jewellery, especially since 1982, when the government reopened its domesitc gold market after it was shut down for 21 years. But different people think of jewellery in different ways.

                                                                                             Recompense

      Fu Cong, 60, a retired³⁶ man in Hohhot, capital of the Inner Mongolia Autonomous³⁷ Region, spent 700 yuan he had saved up for a couple of years to buy his wife a gold wedding ring for her 58th birthday.
      "I consider it a recompense," he said. "When we were married 30 years ago, I had neither the money nor the idea to buy her a wedding ring since in the 1950s, a gift like this would have been considered wasteful³⁸ and bourgeois³⁹."
      Overjoyed at wearing the precious gift her husband gave her, his wife said that she has taken the ring as a good sustenance⁴⁰ and hopes that their marriage will last forever.

    "Wearing rings, earrings, necklaces and other ornamental⁴² jewels was very popular when I was a child," she said. "My ears were pierced a few days after I was born as were most little girls' at that time, and I began wearing a pair of earrings when I was a child."
       She said that she never had a necklace or a ring because wearing jewellery was no longer done when she grew up, and people were criticized for wearing jewels.
Wang Weilan, another woman in Hohhot, has another view toward jewellery.
      A few months ago, she spent several thousand yuan on a gold ring and a pair of earrings.

      "I would rather rely on gold and jewels than on paper currency for protection against price increases," she said. "Although I've put some of my money in a bank, I'm still afraid of devaluation."
   
                                                                                  Wealth

    For many elderly people, jewellery is no longer an ornament⁴¹ to enhance beauty but a symbol of wealth or a memento⁴³. So they pay less attention to the external design and care much more about intrinsic value.

    But most who wear jewellery thess days do so for beauty's sake.
    "Even a few years ago, I considered jewellery a luxury. Ipreferred durable⁴⁴ consumer goods, like colour televisions, refrigerators and highgrade furniture. Now that I have these things I think of jewellery as a necessity, " said He Ming, a 24-year-old Beijing woman.

    Cheap, imitation gold and ivory rings and necklaces were very popular a couple of years ago and had a special appeal to young women with low incomes. They liked gilt⁴⁵ necklaces and earrings, because they look like the real thing but were much cheaper.
    But with expanding jewellery markets, the introduction of foreign products and rising living standards, many people, especially young women, have become more selective and are no longer satisfied with traditional designs of rings, earrings, necklaces and bracelets. And they're paying great attention to value as well.