VOA标准英语2013--Iraq Invasion, Occupation Forged New US War Strategy

（单词翻译）

Iraq Invasion, Occupation Forged New US War Strategy

It was a war that began in a conventional way. U.S. forces went against Iraqi forces with a clear objective: to bring down the government of Iraqi leader Saddam Hussein.

The long, drawn-out war that followed was far from conventional and shaped the way the U.S. military would handle future conflicts.

In 2011, the administration of President Barack Obama opted¹ not to include regime change among its goals in Libya, citing mistakes in Iraq.

“Regime change there took eight years, thousands of American and Iraqi lives and nearly a trillion dollars," the president said. "That is not something we can afford to repeat.”

With overwhelming power, U.S. forces were able to swiftly crush Saddam Hussein’s army and declare a quick victory, but managing the sectarian violence that erupted once Saddam was gone was a different story.

“The invasion in fact ended up being the easy part," says Jim Thomas of the Center for Strategic and Budgetary Assessments². "The tough part was obviously the occupation. And our forces, while they optimized³ themselves for fighting another large conventional military, they were really unprepared for dealing⁴ with irregular, non-uniformed insurgents⁵ and terrorists that they encountered.”

That new scenario⁶ forced changes in Pentagon policy and practices on the ground, with new manuals on counterinsurgency operations, improved intelligence-gathering, a greater emphasis on cultural understanding, and knowledge of how to deal with improvised⁷ explosive devices.

But it was the length and the cost of the war that has most shaped the new U.S. defense⁸ structure.

“What we’ve learned is that occupations in particular are going to be incredibly costly⁹ and that there’s probably little appetite on the part of political leaders to undertake large-scale stability operations, counterinsurgency operations, especially if they’re going to be protracted," Thomas says.

With U.S. public opinion turning against big wars, the focus has shifted to less costly surgical¹⁰ approaches that are heavily reliant on unmanned aerial drones, special operations teams, and training partners and allies to handle conflicts in their own regions.

The approach raises new questions of whether the lessons of Iraq have made war an easier option than it seemed a decade ago.