【英语语言学习】为什么还留在这里

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I was there covering the 25th anniversary of the world's worst nuclear accident, as you can see by the look on my face, reluctantly so, but with good reason, because the nuclear fire that burned for 11 days back in 1986 released 400 times as much radiation as the bomb dropped on Hiroshima, and the sarcophagus, which is the covering over reactor number four, which was hastily built 27 years ago, now sits cracked and rusted⁴ and leaking radiation.

 

So I was filming. I just wanted to get the job done and get out of there fast. But then, I looked into the distance, and I saw some smoke coming from a farmhouse⁵, and I'm thinking, who could be living here? I mean, after all, Chernobyl's soil, water and air, are among the most highly contaminated on Earth, and the reactor sits at the the center of a tightly regulated exclusion⁶ zone, or dead zone, and it's a nuclear police state, complete with border guards. You have to have dosimeter at all times, clicking away, you have to have a government minder, and there's draconian⁷ radiation rules and constant contamination monitoring. The point being, no human being should be living anywhere near the dead zone. But they are.

 

It turns out an unlikely community of some 200 people are living inside the zone. They're called self-settlers. And almost all of them are women, the men having shorter lifespans in part due to overuse of alcohol, cigarettes, if not radiation. Hundreds of thousands of people were evacuated⁹ at the time of the accident, but not everybody accepted that fate. The women in the zone, now in their 70s and 80s, are the last survivors¹⁰ of a group who defied authorities and, it would seem, common sense, and returned to their ancestral homes inside the zone. They did so illegally. As one woman put it to a soldier who was trying to evacuate⁸ her for a second time, "Shoot me and dig the grave. Otherwise, I'm going home."

 

Now why would they return to such deadly soil? I mean, were they unaware¹¹ of the risks or crazy enough to ignore them, or both? The thing is, they see their lives and the risks they run decidedly differently.

 

Now around Chernobyl, there are scattered¹² ghost villages, eerily¹³ silent, strangely charming, bucolic¹⁴, totally contaminated. Many were bulldozed under at the time of the accident, but a few are left like this, kind of silent vestiges¹⁵ to the tragedy. Others have a few residents in them, one or two "babushkas," or "babas," which are the Russian and Ukrainian words for grandmother. Another village might have six or seven residents. So this is the strange demographic of the zone -- isolated¹⁶ alone together.

 

And when I made my way to that piping chimney I'd seen in the distance, I saw Hanna Zavorotnya, and I met her. She's the self-declared mayor of Kapavati village, population eight. (Laughter) And she said to me, when I asked her the obvious, "Radiation doesn't scare me. Starvation does."

 

And you have to remember, these women have survived the worst atrocities¹⁷ of the 20th century. Stalin's enforced famines of the 1930s, the Holodomor, killed millions of Ukrainians, and they faced the Nazis¹⁸ in the '40s, who came through slashing¹⁹, burning, raping²⁰, and in fact many of these women were shipped to Germany as forced labor²¹. So when a couple decades into Soviet²² rule, Chernobyl happened, they were unwilling²³ to flee in the face of an enemy that was invisible. So they returned to their villages and are told they're going to get sick and die soon, but five happy years, their logic²⁴ goes, is better than 10 stuck in a high rise on the outskirts²⁵ of Kiev, separated from the graves of their mothers and fathers and babies, the whisper of stork²⁶ wings on a spring afternoon. For them, environmental contamination may not be the worst sort of devastation²⁷. It turns out this holds true for other species as well. Wild boar, lynx, moose, they've all returned to the region in force, the very real, very negative effects of radiation being trumped²⁸ by the upside of a mass exodus²⁹ of humans. The dead zone, it turns out, is full of life.

 

And there is a kind of heroic resilience, a kind of plain-spoken pragmatism to those who start their day at 5 a.m. pulling water from a well and end it at midnight poised³⁰ to beat a bucket with a stick and scare off wild boar that might mess with their potatoes, their only company a bit of homemade moonshine vodka. And there's a patina³¹ of simple defiance³² among them. "They told us our legs would hurt, and they do. So what?" I mean, what about their health? The benefits of hardy³³, physical living, but an environment made toxic³⁴ by a complicated, little-understood enemy, radiation. It's incredibly difficult to parse³⁵. Health studies from the region are conflicting and fraught³⁶. The World Health Organization puts the number of Chernobyl-related deaths at 4,000, eventually. Greenpeace and other organizations put that number in the tens of thousands. Now everybody agrees that thyroid cancers are sky high, and that Chernobyl evacuees³⁷ suffer the trauma³⁸ of relocated peoples everywhere: higher levels of anxiety, depression, alcoholism, unemployment and, importantly, disrupted social networks.

 

Now, like many of you, I have moved maybe 20, 25 times in my life. Home is a transient concept. I have a deeper connection to my laptop than any bit of soil. So it's hard for us to understand, but home is the entire cosmos³⁹ of the rural babushka, and connection to the land is palpable. And perhaps because these Ukrainian women were schooled under the Soviets⁴⁰ and versed⁴¹ in the Russian poets, aphorisms⁴² about these ideas slip from their mouths all the time.

 

"If you leave, you die."

 

"Those who left are worse off now. They are dying of sadness."

 

"Motherland is motherland. I will never leave."

 

What sounds like faith, soft faith, may actually be fact, because the surprising truth -- I mean, there are no studies, but the truth seems to be that these women who returned to their homes and have lived on some of the most radioactive land on Earth for the last 27 years, have actually outlived their counterparts who accepted relocation, by some estimates up to 10 years.

 

How could this be? Here's a theory: Could it be that those ties to ancestral soil, the soft variables reflected in their aphorisms, actually affect longevity⁴³? The power of motherland so fundamental to that part of the world seems palliative. Home and community are forces that rival even radiation.

 

Now radiation or not, these women are at the end of their lives. In the next decade, the zone's human residents will be gone, and it will revert⁴⁴ to a wild, radioactive place, full only of animals and occasionally daring, flummoxed scientists. But the spirit and existence of the babushkas, whose numbers have been halved⁴⁵ in the three years I've known them, will leave us with powerful new templates to think about and grapple with, about the relative nature of risk, about transformative connections to home, and about the magnificent tonic⁴⁶ of personal agency and self-determination.

 

Thank you.

 

(Applause)

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