2007年VOA标准英语-African Elections Well Established but Facing M

A total of 19 African countries are holding multi-party elections this year, a far cry from a few years ago when many countries in Africa were dominated by single-party governments or military dictators. But quite a few elections on the continent continue to be marred¹ by irregularities and administrative² problems. Correspondent Scott Bobb reports from our Southern Africa Bureau in Johannesburg.

Officials check voter cards in Mali's presidential election  29 April 2007 (VOA photo: R. Valenzuela)

David Pottie, with the Carter Center, a U.S.-based organization that observes elections all over the world, says regular multi-party elections have become a well-established trend in Africa.

"It is somewhat less clear if the direction of that trend is actually resulting in an alternation of parties in power," he said.

The secretary-general of the Senegalese RADDHO human rights group, Alioune Tine, agrees adding that after nearly two decades of elections on the continent there is a certain voter fatigue³.

"There is the problem of confidence," he explained.  "Many opposition⁴ parties have no confidence with the system, the regulating system, the electoral system."

Many voters say they have doubts about the independence of the bodies organizing the vote. In some countries, government ministries⁵ oversee⁶ the process, in others, electoral commissions with varying degrees of independence are placed in charge.

Denis Kadima, of the Electoral Institute for Southern Africa, says some election commissions are very independent-minded but face conditions that prevent them from operating freely.

"They may have a judiciary, which is not very independent," he noted⁷.  "You may have the army, which may be interfering⁸. They [election commissions] depend on the government for funding. The party in power may also take advantage of that."

He says it is important that commissions be appointed and begin their work early, not merely a few months before the vote. And he says commission members should be replaced gradually, not all at once, so that experience is passed along to newer members.

Paul Graham of South Africa's Institute for Democracy says there are other problems.

"One is the weakness of political parties, and therefore, the sense that they don't really aggregate⁹ [represent] voters' interests," he said.  "And they don't have a social presence between elections even if they have seats in legislature."

He says voters also face difficulties in fulfilling their role, whether in registering to vote or accessing information about the parties and their candidates.

Kadima notes that many well-run elections often end up in disputes over their results, which lead to lengthy¹⁰ legal challenges, suspicious deal-making and sometimes violence.

"Given the limited opportunities outside the state, parties or candidates tend not to accept defeat, because they know that if they are defeated they won't have access to resources," he said.  "As a result, they may refuse to accept the result of a genuine, free and fair election."

Graham says this is because in Africa so much economic power lies with the government.

"Incumbency¹¹ is in all jurisdictions¹² a great privilege, but in poorer countries where the state is often seen as an area of resource, incumbency is a particular privilege," he added.  "So once you are in, it's hard for people to give up power."

He adds that it is difficult for opposition politicians to establish their credentials¹³ because highly centralized political systems prevent them from demonstrating their leadership abilities in, for example, local politics.

And a major obstacle everywhere is a lack of resources. Experts say neither political parties nor election commissions have sufficient funds to do their jobs. Moreover, in many countries, geography, climate and poor infrastructure¹⁴ pose additional financial and logistical challenges.

Graham says these factors make African elections very expensive.

"We haven't figured how to hold cheap elections, or let's call them cost-effective elections, and develop cost effective conflict-management mechanisms," he explained.

Kadima concludes that ultimately the long-term success of multi-party elections depends on progress on broader societal issues.

"For elections to be successful, we also need over time to start addressing issues of development, because as long as we don't have opportunities outside government everyone will try to get in power by any means, including rejecting the results of a fair election," he said.

Experts note that the African Union in January adopted a Charter for Democracy, which sets out principles aimed at strengthening elections and their independence.

Each AU member is to adapt the principles to its laws and regulations. Experts say this is one more way to raise the electoral standards on the continent.