欧美人文风情第343篇:为圣母百花大教堂建一个巨大穹顶

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You've been challenged to build a great dome¹ for the Santa Maria del Fiore, one of the grandest cathedrals ever built, 你接受挑战要为圣母百花大教堂建一个巨大穹顶，那是世上最雄伟的大教堂之一，

and you have no formal architectural training, no pressure, right? 而你没受过任何正规建筑训练－－不用觉得有压力，对吧？

For Filippo Brunelleschi, a goldsmith and clockmaker, it was the opportunity of a lifetime. 对菲利波·布鲁内列斯基——一位金匠和钟表匠来说，那是千载难逢的机会。

He considered the challenge carefully...then proposed a daring plan, 他审慎思考了这项挑战...接着提出了一项大胆的计划，

using methods that experts don't fully² understand even to this day. 运用了一种时至今日专家都不能完全理解的工法。

At the time, domes³ were often built as semicircles, 在当时，穹顶常被造为半圆弧形，

but the town fathers required that Brunelleschi build an eight-sided dome that would be even taller and stronger. 但城镇长老们要求布鲁内列斯基建一个八面穹顶，那将更为高耸坚固。

It would also have no central support system to hold it up during construction. 在建造期间，它不会有中央支撑系统撑起穹顶。

Even worse, the dome's base was an imprecise octagon with no true center. But Brunelleschi had that covered. 更棘手的是，穹顶的基底是个没有准确中心的不规则八角形。但布鲁内列斯基解决了这个难题。

There would be two domes instead of one: 他会建两个而非一个穹顶：

an inner and an outer shell held together by giant brick arches and interlocking rings of stone and wood. 由巨大砖拱和相扣石环与木环连结在一起形成内外墙壳。

The rings would work like hoops⁴ on a barrel, keeping the dome from expanding outward. 这些环就像木桶的桶箍一样，使得穹顶不会向外膨胀。

To move heavy loads hundreds of feet up, Brunelleschi designed ingenious new machines, 为了将重物搬到数百英尺高的地方，布鲁内列斯基设计出绝妙的全新器械，

including an ox-driven hoist⁵ and massive lifting devices far ahead of their time. 包含牛拉起重机以及先进的大型吊具。

So, revolutionary design, check; groundbreaking engineering, check; can-do attitude, check. 那么，革新设计有了；突破性工程策画有了；积极进取的态度也有了。

But with no central support system, how would he actually build it  但在没有中央支撑系统的情况下，他要怎么盖出穹顶呢？

First off, the masonry⁶ would have to support itself during construction. 首先，砖墙在建造期间得自行支撑。

To do this, Brunelleschi lays the bricks in a herringbone pattern, 为了做到这样，布鲁内列斯基将砖块以鱼骨形摆放，

which spiraled to the top of the dome,with vertical⁷ bricks acting⁸ as bookends to hold the others in place. 螺旋向上到穹顶上方，直立的砖块就像书挡一样固定住其它砖块。

They laid about one row a week, giving the mortar⁹ time to cure. 他们大约一周摆完一排，让灰泥有时间变干。

At this rate, the dome grew at a snail's pace of about a foot a month. 在这样的速度下，穹顶以极缓慢的速度一个月增高大概一英尺。

But perhaps most puzzling is how he was able to place the bricks with such precision. 但或许最令人费解的是他如何能如此精准地放置砖块。

Many experts agree that he used guide ropes. 许多专家一致认同他利用了绳索引导。

One theory states that ropes ran from a flower pattern on the work platform that showed exactly where the bricks should go. 其中一个理论表示绳索是由绘于作业平台上的花朵图案牵引出的，精准标示了砖块该排的位置。

Another has ropes running from the dome center, tracing a series of cones¹⁰ that grew smaller as they ascended¹¹ to the top. 另一说法则认为绳索由穹顶中心拉出，勾勒出越往上就越小的一连串圆锥形。

Still another suggests a different arrangement of central ropes and wooden templates. 又有一说则提出是利用中心绳索和木制模板。

However it was done, it worked. 不论方法为何，都成功了。

The eight phases of the dome met at the top precisely¹², just as Brunelleschi had planned. 穹顶的八面精准地在顶端会合，正如布鲁内列斯基计划的一样。

In all, it took 16 years to complete the dome. 穹顶的完工总计花费十六年。

When he died in 1446, Brunelleschi left behind no sketches¹³ and no details as to exactly how he achieved his masterpiece. 当布鲁内列斯基在1446年离世时，他没有留下任何草稿，也没有留下自己是如何完成这杰作的相关细节。

Today, it remains¹⁴ the largest masonry dome in the world, more than 500 years after it was built. 如今，在其落成超过五百年之后，它仍是世上最大的砖造穹顶。

 

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