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时间：2019-09-29 07:11:37

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（单词翻译）

What Chickens Can Teach Hearing Researchers

“It’s the truth for all of our senses that they are there to convert physical energy in the surrounding world into electrical responses, which are the common currency that the nervous system uses.”

“我们所有的感官都知道，它们的存在是为了将周围世界的物理能量转化为电反应，而电反应是神经系统使用的共同货币。”

Rockefeller University neuroscientist James Hudspeth.

洛克菲勒大学神经学家 James Hudspeth说道。

“So our eyes and the photoreceptors there have to convert light into electricity. Our ears similarly have to convert mechanical vibrations1 in the air into electrical responses.

“所以我们的眼睛和光感受器必须把光转换成电。同样，我们的耳朵也必须将空气中的机械振动转化为电反应。

And the way this is done is that there are so called hair cells...these cells have little microscopic2 bristles3, about a hundred of them, and on the top of each cell, these bristles vibrate back and forth4 in response to sound. That sets up an electrical signal that then goes down a nerve fiber5 and into the brain.”

这是通过所谓的毛细胞来实现的。这些细胞有微小的显微镜下的鬃毛，大约有100个，在每个细胞的顶部，这些鬃毛会随着声音来回振动。这就产生了一个电信号，然后通过神经纤维进入大脑。”

Hudspeth, the University of Wisconsin-Madison’s Robert Fettiplace, and the Pasteur Institute’s Christine Petit shared the 2018 Kavli Prize in Neuroscience, for their work on the molecular6 and neural7 mechanisms8 of hearing. Hudspeth and Fettiplace both spoke9 April 9th at the National Academy of Sciences in Washington D.C. at an event honoring 10 U.S. Nobel and Kavli Prize Laureates. The evening was sponsored by the Kavli Prize and produced by Scientific American. More from Hudspeth:

威斯康辛大学麦迪逊分校的Robert Fettiplace和巴斯德研究所的Christine Petit一同获得了2018年神经科学卡弗里奖，以表彰他们在听力的分子和神经机制方面的研究。Hudspeth和Fettiplace都于4月9日在华盛顿特区的美国国家科学院表彰10位美国诺贝尔奖和卡弗里奖得主的活动上发表了讲话。晚会由卡弗里奖赞助，由《科学美国人》制作。从Hudspeth更多:

“And the real question is then is, what happens with these [hair cells] as they degenerate10? We lose them owing to loud sounds, we lose them owing to certain legitimate11 drugs, we lose just with aging. And what can be done to repair them so that we can restore hearing?”

“真正的问题是，当这些(毛细胞)退化时会发生什么?我们失去它们是因为噪音，失去它们是因为某些合法的药物，我们只是随着年龄的增长而失去它们。我们能做些什么来修复它们，这样我们才能恢复听力?”

Robert Fettiplace:Well, I mean there are two aspects to this, one is that in fact you could try and regrow them. Almost all hearing loss is due to death of the hair cells or lack of formation of them in the first place…the cells along the cochlea are all different. And you’ve not got to just generate a generic12 hair cell, you’ve actually got to generate one that’s specific for each place, that has the specific properties, which differ along the organ. And will connect up to the nerve fibers…

Robert Fettiplace:嗯，我的意思是这有两个方面，一个是你可以尝试再生它们。几乎所有的听力损失都是由于毛细胞的死亡或毛细胞缺乏形成而引起的，耳蜗周围的细胞都是不同的。你不需要生成一个普通的毛细胞，你实际上需要生成一个针对每个地方的特定的毛细胞，它有特定的特性，这些特性随着器官的不同而不同。连接到神经纤维

Hudspeth:“The problems that Robert has mentioned pertain13 to mammals, including ourselves. And the situation is very different with other four-legged animals, tetrapods. So, in amphibians14, in reptiles15, including birds, this regeneration is going on all the time, same in fish. And in fact you can take a chicken to, ya know, a Motley Crue concert or whatever, blast its ears. And they will quite nicely regenerate16, even with frequency-specific hair cells, they will reconnect, and the animal will be able to hear normally again.

Hudspeth:“Robert提到的问题涉及哺乳动物，包括我们自己。这种情况与其他四足动物，四足动物非常不同。所以，在两栖动物，爬行动物，包括鸟类中，这种再生一直在进行，在鱼类中也是如此。事实上，你可以带一只鸡去听，你知道的，杂七杂八的音乐会，或者别的什么，去炸它的耳朵。它们会很好地再生，即使是有了特定频率的毛细胞，它们也会重新连接起来，动物就能恢复正常听力了。

“I agree that there is an enormous challenge, and this is certainly something that won’t happen overnight in ourselves. But I don’t think it’s a hopeless task and I think basically what many people are trying to do is to decode17 the signals that are sent as these hair cells develop, and by doing so to recognize the signaling pathways that might be reactivated the original development and restore hair cells by that means.”

“我同意这是一个巨大的挑战，这肯定不会在一夜之间发生在我们身上。但我不认为这是一个绝望的任务,我认为基本上很多人都试图做的是解码的信号发送随着这些头发细胞的发展,并通过这样做来识别信号通路可能重新激活最初的发展和恢复毛细胞的意思。”

Just don’t take your chicken to a Marilyn Manson concert.

只是不要带你的鸡去看玛丽莲曼森的演唱会。


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点击收听单词发音收听单词发音  

1 vibrations d94a4ca3e6fa6302ae79121ffdf03b40     
n.摆动( vibration的名词复数 )；震动；感受；（偏离平衡位置的）一次性往复振动
参考例句：
  • We could feel the vibrations from the trucks passing outside. 我们可以感到外面卡车经过时的颤动。
  • I am drawn to that girl; I get good vibrations from her. 我被那女孩吸引住了，她使我产生良好的感觉。 来自《简明英汉词典》
2 microscopic nDrxq     
adj.微小的，细微的，极小的，显微的
参考例句：
  • It's impossible to read his microscopic handwriting.不可能看清他那极小的书写字迹。
  • A plant's lungs are the microscopic pores in its leaves.植物的肺就是其叶片上微细的气孔。
3 bristles d40df625d0ab9008a3936dbd866fa2ec     
短而硬的毛发，刷子毛( bristle的名词复数 )
参考例句：
  • the bristles on his chin 他下巴上的胡楂子
  • This job bristles with difficulties. 这项工作困难重重。
4 forth Hzdz2     
adv.向前；向外，往外
参考例句：
  • The wind moved the trees gently back and forth.风吹得树轻轻地来回摇晃。
  • He gave forth a series of works in rapid succession.他很快连续发表了一系列的作品。
5 fiber NzAye     
n.纤维，纤维质
参考例句：
  • The basic structural unit of yarn is the fiber.纤维是纱的基本结构单元。
  • The material must be free of fiber clumps.这种材料必须无纤维块。
6 molecular mE9xh     
adj.分子的；克分子的
参考例句：
  • The research will provide direct insight into molecular mechanisms.这项研究将使人能够直接地了解分子的机理。
  • For the pressure to become zero, molecular bombardment must cease.当压强趋近于零时，分子的碰撞就停止了。
7 neural DnXzFt     
adj.神经的，神经系统的
参考例句：
  • The neural network can preferably solve the non- linear problem.利用神经网络建模可以较好地解决非线性问题。
  • The information transmission in neural system depends on neurotransmitters.信息传递的神经途径有赖于神经递质。
8 mechanisms d0db71d70348ef1c49f05f59097917b8     
n.机械( mechanism的名词复数 )；机械装置；[生物学] 机制；机械作用
参考例句：
  • The research will provide direct insight into molecular mechanisms. 这项研究将使人能够直接地了解分子的机理。 来自《简明英汉词典》
  • He explained how the two mechanisms worked. 他解释这两台机械装置是如何工作的。 来自《简明英汉词典》
9 spoke XryyC     
n.（车轮的）辐条；轮辐；破坏某人的计划；阻挠某人的行动 v.讲，谈（speak的过去式）；说；演说；从某种观点来说
参考例句：
  • They sourced the spoke nuts from our company.他们的轮辐螺帽是从我们公司获得的。
  • The spokes of a wheel are the bars that connect the outer ring to the centre.辐条是轮子上连接外圈与中心的条棒。
10 degenerate 795ym     
v.退步，堕落；adj.退步的，堕落的；n.堕落者
参考例句：
  • He didn't let riches and luxury make him degenerate.他不因财富和奢华而自甘堕落。
  • Will too much freedom make them degenerate?太多的自由会令他们堕落吗？
11 legitimate L9ZzJ     
adj.合法的，合理的，合乎逻辑的；v.使合法
参考例句：
  • Sickness is a legitimate reason for asking for leave.生病是请假的一个正当的理由。
  • That's a perfectly legitimate fear.怀有这种恐惧完全在情理之中。
12 generic mgixr     
adj.一般的，普通的，共有的
参考例句：
  • I usually buy generic clothes instead of name brands.我通常买普通的衣服，不买名牌。
  • The generic woman appears to have an extraordinary faculty for swallowing the individual.一般妇女在婚后似乎有特别突出的抑制个性的能力。
13 pertain Y3xzE     
v.(to)附属，从属；关于；有关；适合，相称
参考例句：
  • His remark did not pertain to the question.他的话同这个问题不相干。
  • It does not pertain to you to instruct him.你不适合教训他。
14 amphibians c4a317a734a700eb6f767bdc511c1588     
两栖动物( amphibian的名词复数 )； 水陆两用车； 水旱两生植物； 水陆两用飞行器
参考例句：
  • The skin of amphibians is permeable to water. 两栖动物的皮肤是透水的。
  • Two amphibians ferry them out over the sands. 两辆水陆两用车把他们渡过沙滩。
15 reptiles 45053265723f59bd84cf4af2b15def8e     
n.爬行动物，爬虫( reptile的名词复数 )
参考例句：
  • Snakes and crocodiles are both reptiles. 蛇和鳄鱼都是爬行动物。 来自《简明英汉词典》
  • Birds, reptiles and insects come from eggs. 鸟类、爬虫及昆虫是卵生的。 来自《现代汉英综合大词典》
16 regenerate EU2xV     
vt.使恢复，使新生；vi.恢复，再生；adj.恢复的
参考例句：
  • Their aim is to regenerate British industry.他们的目的是复兴英国的工业。
  • Although it is not easy,you have the power to regenerate your life.尽管这不容易，但你有使生活重获新生的能力。
17 decode WxYxg     
vt.译（码），解（码）
参考例句：
  • All he had to do was decode it and pass it over.他需要做的就是将它破译然后转给他人。
  • The secret documents were intercepted and decoded.机密文件遭截获并被破译。

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