2014年经济学人 韩国兵役

（单词翻译）

Conscripts in South Korea

Blood, sweat and tears

A string of egregious¹ abuses fuels fresh calls to reform the army

EVERY Sunday, one in five families in South Korea settles down to “Real Men”, a reality television show that thrusts pop stars, comedians² and actors into the country's armed forces. It has proved wildly popular in a country that is still technically³ at war with North Korea and that requires all able-bodied men to complete at least 21 months of military service. Women, who do not serve, say it is a peek⁴ into their sons' and brothers' transition to manhood. What they see is rigorous training, pride and plenty of brotherhood⁵.

Yet the camaraderie⁶ of the show is in stark⁷ contrast to a more bruising⁸ reality for some conscripts. In recent months reports have trickled⁹ out of South Korea's barracks of beatings, humiliation¹⁰ and verbal abuse. News of a young conscript's death surfaced in August. Yoon's alleged¹¹ abusers (his full name has not been divulged) were fellow conscripts who had themselves been abused by a sergeant¹². They are said to have force-fed Yoon toothpaste, rubbed an irritant onto his genitals and made him lick their spit off the ground. After beatings, they revived him with an intravenous drip. Then they beat him again.

The case has shocked South Koreans—as did an incident in 2011 when a badly bullied¹³ conscript went on a shooting rampage, killing¹⁴ four people; and another in 2005 when a soldier killed eight others with a grenade after being tormented¹⁵ by them. That year, an army captain was arrested for forcing 200 conscripts to eat turds as punishment for dirty latrines. Since January around 350 cases of abuse have been put to the National Human Rights Commission, a state outfit¹⁶. Many more, say activists¹⁷, go unreported.

Yoon's case of hazing¹⁸ was uncovered by a civic¹⁹ group, the Centre for Military Human Rights Korea. Its director, Lim Tae-hoon, decries²⁰ a “systematic attempt at a cover-up”. The army's chief of staff has resigned. The defence ministry²¹ has called for a permanent human-rights commission for the armed forces to help prevent further abuse. And the entire army suspended duties recently for a daylong session on human rights. This month military prosecutors²² changed the charge against four of the soldiers alleged to have killed Yoon from manslaughter to murder.

Calls for sweeping²³ reform to barrack-room culture are all too familiar. Physical abuse in South Korea's 650,000-strong conscript army has long been tolerated as a means to toughen troops against a northern army thought to be twice as large. Two military coups²⁴ and a long period of martial²⁵ law (under the current president's late father, Park Chung-hee) have given the army exceptional leeway in how it conducts its affairs. It is largely immune from democratic oversight²⁶.

That means tormentors are not properly punished. Around 150 bodies remain in the army's morgue. Their cause of death is given as “failure to adjust to military life”. But relatives refuse to collect the bodies because they want an independent investigation²⁷ to confirm the cause of death. Military courts, says Choe Kang-wook, a former lawyer in the army, are the “shame of South Korea”. High-ranking generals without legal knowledge preside over court proceedings²⁸.

As more rich countries drop conscription, South Korea has become an outlier, says Kim Du-kwan, a former minister who is now fighting to end it in his country, too. He takes the North Korean threat seriously. But what good, he asks, is “wielding a gun and not much more” when military strength is now based on sophisticated technology? He frets²⁹ that abusers foment³⁰ internal division, too. The armed forces have long used national security as a reason for keeping conscription and fending³¹ off civilian³² oversight. Proponents³³ of a standing³⁴ army, like Mr Kim, argue that South Korea's security would be better served by just the opposite.