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科学美国人60秒 SSS 婴儿需要公平的领导者

时间:2020-05-19 00:59:17

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(单词翻译)

This is Scientific American's 60-second Science, I'm Christine Herman.

这里是科学美国人——60秒科学系列,我是克里斯汀·赫尔曼。

Anyone who's ever been with a toddler can tell you: if they're upset about something, they will let you know.

任何与曾与幼儿相处过的人都知道:如果他们对某事感到生气,他们会让你知道。

(CLIP: Toddlers crying)

(音频片段:宝宝的哭声)

Scientists have been aware of this behavior, but what they did not know, until now, is that if babies as young as a year and a half old see someone else being treated unfairly, they expect the leader—the parent or caregiver—in that situation to step in and do something about it.

科学家已经察觉到这种行为,但他们直到现在才知道,如果一岁半大的婴儿看到别人受到不公平对待,他们会期望在场的领导者——家长或监护人——介入并进行处理。

"Babies evaluate others constantly."

“婴儿经常评估他人。”

Renée Baillargeon is a psychologist at the University of Illinois. She led the research on babies expecting fairness.

蕾妮·拜勒基安是伊利诺伊大学的心理学家。她领导了这项“婴儿期望公平”的研究。

"When these transgressions2 occur, babies evaluate parents and other leaders and say, 'Well, you saw this transgression1. You know this is not fair. Are you going to do something about it?' And if you don't, then you are shirking your responsibilities, and it makes you less of a leader, less of a parent."

“当这些违法行为发生时,婴儿会评估家长和其他领导者并说,‘你看到了这种违法行为。你知道这是不公平的行为。你要采取行动吗?’如果你什么都不做,那你就是在逃避责任,这会使你成为不称职的领导者和不称职的家长。”

That's right, babies are judging you. Baillargeon says it seems babies are born with these expectations of what a leader is and how they should behave. The work is in the Proceedings3 of the National Academy of Sciences.

没错,婴儿在评判你。拜勒基安表示,婴儿似乎天生具有“领导者是什么样的”以及“领导者应该怎样作为”这种期待。这项研究发表在《美国国家科学院院刊》上。

The researchers used bear puppets to perform skits4 for 17-month-old babies, who sat comfortably on a parent's lap.

研究人员用小熊木偶为17个月大的婴儿表演滑稽短剧,这些婴儿舒服地坐在家长的腿上。

In one scenario5, the puppet leader intervenes when one of the other puppets hogs6 all the toys. In another, the leader does nothing to address the injustice7. Baillargeon says such inaction that allows an unfair situation to persist bothers the babies, and they stare longer at that leader, as if waiting for him to act. In puppet scenarios8 when there was no clear leader, babies did not have this expectation of an intervention9

在一个场景中,当其中一个木偶霸占所有玩具时,木偶领导者介入。而在另一个场景中,领导者没有采取措施来处理这一不公平行为。拜勒基安说,这种不作为会让不公平情况持续存在,而这会让婴儿感到不安,他们盯着木偶领导者的时间会更长,好像在等待他们采取行动。在没有明确领导者的木偶剧场景中,婴儿没有这种干预期待。

"It shows that they expect a leader to not just use power for his or her own self-interest but to use their authority to regulate the morality of their followers10."

“这表明,他们希望领导者不仅为自身利益而使用权力,还要为规范下属的道德行为而动用权威。”

Alan Fiske, an anthropologist11 who studies human relationships at the University of California, Los Angeles. He was not involved in this study. He says many people underestimate what babies are capable of understanding and figuring out about the world, since they're just barely learning how to walk and talk.

艾伦·菲斯克是加州大学洛杉机分校研究人际关系的人类学家。他并未参与这项研究。他说,许多人因为婴儿刚刚学会走路和说话而低估了他们认识和理解世界的能力。

"And so you might think they don't understand the world because, you know, they don't seem to be very competent at doing things in the world. But... amazing things are happening in their minds. They understand an enormous amount."

“所以你可能认为他们不了解这个世界,因为他们似乎在做事方面不太有能力。但是,他们的脑海中正在发生不可思议的事情。他们懂得很多。”

Baillargeon says the study supports the idea that babies have an innate12 understanding about power dynamics13 that then gets shaped by the culture they grow up in.

拜勒基安表示,该研究支持这样一种观点,即婴儿对权力动力学有着天生的理解,之后还会受到成长环境的影响。

Maybe we should lower the voting age to 17 months?

也许我们应该把投票年龄降低到17个月?

Thanks for listening for Scientific American — 60-Second Science. I'm Christine Herman.

谢谢大家收听科学美国人——60秒科学。我是克里斯汀·赫尔曼。


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点击收听单词发音收听单词发音  

1 transgression transgression     
n.违背;犯规;罪过
参考例句:
  • The price can make an action look more like a transaction than a transgression.罚款让一个行为看起来更像是一笔交易而不是一次违法行为。
  • The areas of transgression are indicated by wide spacing of the thickness contours.那幢摩天大楼高耸入云。
2 transgressions f7112817f127579f99e58d6443eb2871     
n.违反,违法,罪过( transgression的名词复数 )
参考例句:
  • Many marine transgressions occur across coastal plains. 许多海运是横越滨海平原。 来自辞典例句
  • For I know my transgressions, and my sin always before me. 因为我知道我的过犯,我的罪常在我面前。 来自互联网
3 proceedings Wk2zvX     
n.进程,过程,议程;诉讼(程序);公报
参考例句:
  • He was released on bail pending committal proceedings. 他交保获释正在候审。
  • to initiate legal proceedings against sb 对某人提起诉讼
4 skits b84e1c3b002c87fa8955ccc4c5e3defc     
n.讽刺文( skit的名词复数 );小喜剧;若干;一群
参考例句:
  • One of these skits, "The King of Beasts" resembles a traditional frontier prank. 一出滑稽短剧《兽王》酷似传统的边疆闹剧。 来自英汉非文学 - 民俗
  • Kids can develop ad campaigns, commercials and skits to illustrate character traits. 孩子们会发动宣传运动,制作广告宣传片和幽默短剧来说明性格品质。 来自互联网
5 scenario lZoxm     
n.剧本,脚本;概要
参考例句:
  • But the birth scenario is not completely accurate.然而分娩脚本并非完全准确的。
  • This is a totally different scenario.这是完全不同的剧本。
6 hogs 8a3a45e519faa1400d338afba4494209     
n.(尤指喂肥供食用的)猪( hog的名词复数 );(供食用的)阉公猪;彻底地做某事;自私的或贪婪的人
参考例句:
  • 'sounds like -- like hogs grunting. “像——像是猪发出的声音。 来自英汉文学 - 汤姆历险
  • I hate the way he hogs down his food. 我讨厌他那副狼吞虎咽的吃相。 来自辞典例句
7 injustice O45yL     
n.非正义,不公正,不公平,侵犯(别人的)权利
参考例句:
  • They complained of injustice in the way they had been treated.他们抱怨受到不公平的对待。
  • All his life he has been struggling against injustice.他一生都在与不公正现象作斗争。
8 scenarios f7c7eeee199dc0ef47fe322cc223be88     
n.[意]情节;剧本;事态;脚本
参考例句:
  • Further, graphite cores may be safer than non-graphite cores under some accident scenarios. 再者,根据一些事故解说,石墨堆芯可比非石墨堆芯更安全一些。 来自英汉非文学 - 环境法 - 环境法
  • Again, scenarios should make it clear which modes are acceptable to users in various contexts. 同样,我们可以运用场景剧本来搞清楚在不同情境下哪些模式可被用户接受。 来自About Face 3交互设计精髓
9 intervention e5sxZ     
n.介入,干涉,干预
参考例句:
  • The government's intervention in this dispute will not help.政府对这场争论的干预不会起作用。
  • Many people felt he would be hostile to the idea of foreign intervention.许多人觉得他会反对外来干预。
10 followers 5c342ee9ce1bf07932a1f66af2be7652     
追随者( follower的名词复数 ); 用户; 契据的附面; 从动件
参考例句:
  • the followers of Mahatma Gandhi 圣雄甘地的拥护者
  • The reformer soon gathered a band of followers round him. 改革者很快就获得一群追随者支持他。
11 anthropologist YzgzPk     
n.人类学家,人类学者
参考例句:
  • The lecturer is an anthropologist.这位讲师是人类学家。
  • The anthropologist unearthed the skull of an ancient human at the site.人类学家在这个遗址挖掘出那块古人类的颅骨。
12 innate xbxzC     
adj.天生的,固有的,天赋的
参考例句:
  • You obviously have an innate talent for music.你显然有天生的音乐才能。
  • Correct ideas are not innate in the mind.人的正确思想不是自己头脑中固有的。
13 dynamics NuSzQq     
n.力学,动力学,动力,原动力;动态
参考例句:
  • In order to succeed,you must master complicated knowledge of dynamics.要取得胜利,你必须掌握很复杂的动力学知识。
  • Dynamics is a discipline that cannot be mastered without extensive practice.动力学是一门不做大量习题就不能掌握的学科。

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