科学美国人60秒 SSS 高海拔蜂鸟进化出体温技巧

（单词翻译）

This is Scientific American's 60-second Science, I'm Christopher Intagliata.

这里是科学美国人——60秒科学系列，我是克里斯托弗·因塔格里塔。

If a hummingbird¹ has ever visited your garden, you've no doubt seen it flit from flower to flower, hovering³ midair as it sips⁴ on nectar.

如果蜂鸟曾造访过你的花园，你肯定会看到它在花丛间飞来飞去，啜饮花蜜时在半空悬停。

That activity requires plenty of energy. So hummingbirds⁵ need a lot of nectar to feed their hungry metabolisms⁶.

这项活动需要大量能量。因此蜂鸟需要很多花蜜来满足饥饿的新陈代谢。

"In fact, some of them probably drink two or three times their body mass in nectar each day."

“事实上，有些蜂鸟可能每天喝两到三倍于自身体重的花蜜。”

Andrew McKechnie, an ornithologist⁷ at the University of Pretoria in South Africa.

南非比勒陀利亚大学的鸟类学家安德鲁·麦凯尼说到。

McKechnie and his colleagues have studied hummingbirds at extreme elevations⁸ in the Peruvian Andes.

麦凯尼和同事研究了秘鲁安第斯山脉极端海拔地区的蜂鸟。

To survive there, the tiny birds have developed a few tricks.

为了在那里生存，这些小鸟进化出了一些技巧。

For one, their blood cells are unusually efficient at transporting oxygen.

首先，它们的血细胞在运送氧气方面异常高效。

Also, it's more difficult to hover² in the high-altitude thin air. And so...

而且，在高海拔稀薄的空气中悬停更困难。因此……

"The hummingbirds at those high elevations are much more prone⁹ to perching while they feed.

“这些高海拔地区的蜂鸟在觅食时栖息的可能要高出很多。

So that does seem to be one way they try and reduce energy expenditure¹⁰."

这似乎是它们试图减少能源消耗的一种方式。”

Now McKechnie and his colleagues have found another energy-saving adaptation:

现在，麦凯尼和同事发现了另一种节能的适应表现：

the high-mountain hummingbirds can lower their body temperature by extreme amounts at night—going into a state called torpor¹¹.

高山蜂鸟可以在夜间将体温极大地降低，进入一种被称为“麻木”的状态。

"I mean, for all intents and appearances, they're essentially¹² dead. They're that unresponsive."

“从所有的意图和表象上看，它们基本上已经死了。它们就是这样毫无反应。”

The scientists caught six species of Andean hummingbirds and monitored their temperatures through the night and day.

科学家捕获了六种安第斯蜂鸟，并昼夜监测它们的温度。

And they found that all six species could enter some type of torpor—

他们发现这六种蜂鸟都会进入某种“麻木”状态——

they lower their body temperatures from about 100 degrees Fahrenheit¹³ by day to as low as 38 degrees Fahrenheit at night.

它们会将体温从白天的约100华氏度降低到晚上的38华氏度。

And being "essentially dead" conserves¹⁴ energy.

而“本质上死亡”可以保存能量。

The details are in the journal Biology Letters.

研究详情刊登在《生物学快报》期刊上。

Although some of the birds' low body temperatures are on par¹⁵ with those of hibernating¹⁶ mammals,

虽然一些鸟的低体温与冬眠哺乳动物的相当，

it's important to note that this isn't full-fledged hibernation¹⁷—which is a longer-term response.

但重要的是要注意，这并不是完全冬眠——这是一种更长期的反应。

True hibernation has only ever been documented in one bird, so far at least: the common poorwill in the U.S. Southwest.

至少到目前为止，只有一种鸟类有过真正冬眠的记录：美国西南部的北美小夜鹰。

"One of my career goals is to find a second hibernating bird."

“我的职业目标之一是找到第二种冬眠鸟。”

And the Andes, he says, is going to be the first place he looks.

他表示，安第斯山脉将是他第一个去寻找的地方。

Thanks for listening for Scientific American's 60-second Science. I'm Christopher Intagliata.

谢谢大家收听科学美国人——60秒科学。我是克里斯托弗·因塔利亚塔。