双语有声阅读：美国高等教育的革命

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The Revolution in American

 

Higher Education To produce the upheaval¹ in the United States that changed and modernized² the domain³ of higher education from the mid⁴ 1860's to the mid 1880's, three primary causes interacted. The emergence⁵ of a half dozen leaders in education provided the personal force that was needed. Moreover, an outcry for a fresher, more practical, and more advanced kind of instruction arose among the alumni and friends of nearly all of the old colleges and grew into a movement that overrode⁶ all conservative opposition⁷. The aggressive "Young Yale" movement appeared, demanding partial alumni control, a more liberal spirit, and a broader course of study.

 

The graduates of Harvard college simultaneously⁸ rallied to relieve the college's poverty and demand new enterprise. Education was pushing toward higher standards in the East by throwing off church leadership everywhere, and in the West by finding a wider range of studies and a new sense of public duty. The old style classical education received its most crushing blow in the citadel⁹ of Harvard College, where Dr. Charles Eliot, a young captain of thirty five, son of a former treasurer¹⁰ of Harvard, led the progressive forces. Five revolutionary advances were made during the first years of Dr. Eliot's administration. They were the elevation¹¹ and amplification¹² of entrance requirements, the enlargement of the curriculum and the development of the elective system, the recognition of graduate study in the liberal arts, the raising of professional training in law, medicine, and engineering to a postgraduate¹³ level, and the fostering of greater maturity¹⁴ in students' life. Standards of admission were sharply advanced in 1872-1873 and 1876-1877. By the appointment of a dean to take charge of student affairs, and a wise handling of discipline, the undergraduates were led to regard themselves more as young gentlemen and less as young animals.

 

One new course of study after another was opened up - science, music, the history of the fine arts, advanced Spanish, political economy, physics, classical philology¹⁵, and international law.

 

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