双语有声阅读：美国内战

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The American Civil War

 

The military aspect of the United States Civil War has always attracted the most attention from scholars. The roar of gunfire, the massed movements of uniformed men, the shrill¹ o f bugles², and the drama of hand to hand combat have facinated students of warfare³ for a century. Behind the lines, however, life was less spectacular. It was the story of back breaking labor⁴ to provide the fighting men with food and arms, of nerve tingling⁵ uncertainty⁶ about the course of national events, of heartbreak over sons or brothers or husbands lost in battle. If the men on the firing line won the victories, the means to those victories were forged on the home front. Never in the nation's history had Americans worked harder for victory than in the Civil War. Northerners and Southerners alike threw themselves into the task of supplying their respective armies. Both governments made tremendous demands upon civilians⁷ and, in general, received willing cooperations. By 1863 the Northern war economy was rumbling⁸ along in high gear. Everything from steamboats to shovels⁹ was needed and produced. Denied Southern cotton, textile mills turned to wool for blankets and uniforms. Hides by the hundreds of thousands were turned into shoes and harness and saddles; ironworks manufactured locomotives, ordnance¹⁰, armor plate.

 

Where private enterprise lagged, the government set up its own factories or arsenals¹¹. Agriculture boomed, with machinery¹² doing the job of farm workers drawn¹³ into the army. In short, everything that a nation needed to fight a modern war was produced in uncounted numbers. Inevitably¹⁴ there were profiteers with gold headed canes¹⁵ and flamboyant¹⁶ diamond stickpins, but for every crooked¹⁷ tycoon¹⁸ there were thousands of ordinary citizens living on fixed¹⁹ incomes who did their best to cope with rising prices and still make a contribution to the war effort. Those who could bought war bonds; others knitted, sewed, nursed, or lent any other assistance in their power.

 

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